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Access centre
Initiative which increases access to education, training, employment and other services (e.g. health) within a local setting. Can be either physical or virtual.
 Full service schools
Accountability
Being answerable for decisions. When policy decisions are made openly to the population, who are capable of assessing whether it is a decision made in the wider public interest.
Action group
Informal organisation set up to get something achieved, usually through
visible and public protest.
Action minutes
Record of a meeting in the form of a list of steps required, who should
take them and when.
Action plan
Proposals for action. Usually in the form of a list of steps required,
who should take them and when.
 Action
planner
Action planning
An approach to planning and urban design involving the organisation
of carefully structured collaborative events which produce proposals
for action. Term also used to mean developing an action plan.
Action planning event
Action plan
Action planning event
Carefully structured collaborative event at which all sections of the
local community work closely with independent specialists from all relevant
disciplines to produce proposals for action.
Action planning event
Active citizenship
Extensive participation in civic life by citizens. Allows people to play a greater role in public affairs and the delivery of public services.
Activity mapping
Plotting on a map or plan how people use places as an aid to understanding
how best to improve them.
Mapping
Activity week
Week of activities designed to promote interest in, and debate on, a
chosen theme: eg Architecture week; Urban design week; Environment week.
Activity week
Activity year
Year of activities designed to promote interest in, and debate on, a
chosen theme: eg Glasgow 1999; UK City of Architecture and Design.
Adaptable model
Flexible model of an area or building which allows people to test out
alternative design options.
Models
Added value
Additional benefits gained as a by-product of a service or project.
Adventure playground
Playground that encourages children to construct and manage their own
environment.
Advocacy planning
Professional planners working on behalf of the disadvantaged. Term popular
in the United States in the early 1970s.
Agenda
Plan for a meeting. List of items to be discussed.
Alternative plan
Plan for a site or neighbourhood putting forward a different approach
to the prevailing plan.
Community plan
Amenity trust
Charitable organisation established to manage a public amenity.
Development trust
Appraisal
Community Appraisal
Appreciative inquiry
Group working process which builds on potentials, solutions and benefits
to create change.
The
Thin Book of Appreciative Inquiry
Appreciative
Inquiry Group
Appropriate technology
Construction materials and techniques geared to local social and economic
needs, possibilities and sources of materials. Sometimes referred to
as user-friendly technology.
Archetypes
Places with certain easily identifiable qualities. Concept sometimes
used in briefing and design workshops to get people to describe the
kind of places they aspire to; for instance, a certain part of a
certain city or a certain building.
Architects in schools
Environmental education programme involving architects working with
children in schools.
Royal
Institute of British Architects
Architecture centre
Place aimed at helping people understand, and engage in, the design
of the local built environment.
Architecture centre
Architecture week
Week of activities designed to promote interest in, and debate on, architecture.
Usually includes opening interesting buildings to the public.
Activity week
Architecture workshop
Workshop session on architecture. Term also sometimes used to describe
an architecture or community design centre.
Architecture centre
Community design centre
Area based regeneration
Approach based on getting agencies involved in depressed areas working together to improve the quality of life.
Area forum
Body designed to improve relations between local authorities, public service providers and local residents. Provides an opportunity for residents to raise matters of local concern, give feedback on how services are being delivered and influence decisions being made about where they live. Also gives local authorities and service providers the chance to improve their knowledge and understanding of local issues.
Forum
Neibourhood forum
Area Investment Framework
Establishes regeneration priorities for an area with the aim of targeting funding from development agencies.
Art centre
Place providing a focus for the arts and local artists
Art house
Building used as a base for local artists producing and exhibiting work
with and about the local community. Used as a regeneration technique
for developing local pride and talent.
Art centre
Art workshop
Session where local residents work with artists designing and making
artworks to improve their environment.
Art Workshop
Asset base
Capital assets of property or cash which underpin the operations of
an organisation, for instance by generating revenue from rents.>
Asset-based development
Strategy to secure the future of community organisations and charities through possession of tangible assets such as land, buildings or a dedicated income. Ensures self-sufficiency, independence and sustainability.
Assistance team
Design assistance team
Award scheme
Programme set up to promote good practice by presenting awards for excellence
or effort.
Award scheme
Awareness raising day
Day of activities designed to promote interest in a community planning
issue, normally held prior to a planning day or other intensive activity.
Awareness walk
Reconnaissance trip
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Capability
The quality of being capable; the ability to do something.
Capacity and vulnerability analysis (CVA)
Vulnerability and capacity
analysis
Capacity building
The development of awareness, knowledge, skills and operational capability
by certain actors, normally the community, to achieve their purpose.
Empowerment
Capacity building workshop
Event organised primarily to establish partnerships between the public,
private and voluntary sectors on development issues.
Case study
Description of a project. Used for helping others understand how it
worked, or failed to work.
Chairperson
Individual who controls a meeting, deciding who can speak when.
Facilitator
Champion
Individual who believes in an idea and will promote it through thick
and thin. Important ingredient for most projects.
Moving spirits
Charity
Organisation which acts in the interests of society rather than in pursuit
of profit. May receive tax breaks and other benefits.
Charrette
Design charrette
Chart
Large sheet of paper used for writing or drawing on, usually attached
to walls or placed on an easel. Essential tool of participative working.
Flipchart
Choice catalogue
Menu of items, usually visually illustrated, showing a range of design
choices available.
Choice catalogue
Choices method
Visioning process based on four steps:
1. Meetings throughout the community to brainstorm ideas for making
life better.
2. Consolidation of ideas into goals and vision statements.
3. A ‘vision fair’ where people vote on which visions they
would like to pursue and make personal commitment
pledges.
4. Setting up of action groups to carry out chosen ideas.
Chattanooga
Participation
Works!
Citizens jury
Informal inquiry method where a group of around 16 people, selected
to be representative of the community, spend a few days examining an
issue, listening to witnesses and producing a report.
Participation
Works!
City farm
Working farm in an urban area, normally run by a voluntary committee
of local people. Primary role is educational rather than food production.
Civic forum
Forum
Civil renewal
Individuals and groups becoming more actively involved in the well-being of their community, identifying and tackling problems to bring about change and improve the quality of life.
Civil society
The arena of organised citizen activity outside of the state and market
sectors. People coming together to define, articulate, and act on their
concerns through various forms of organisation and expression.
Client
Individual or organisation that commissions buildings or other projects.
User-client
Clusters
Networks of interconnected firms and organisations working in a particular field such as universities and hi-tech industries. Business practice based on co-operation and collaboration between firms.
Cohousing
Housing with shared living components. Ranges from sharing of gardens
to sharing of workshops, laundry rooms and even kitchens.
Cohousing
Committee
Group of people elected or delegated to make decisions, usually in meetings.
Workshop
Community
Used in many ways. Usually refers to those living within a small, loosely
defined geographical area. Yet any group of individuals who share interests
may also be described as a community. Also sometimes used to describe
a physical area rather than a group of people.
following entries on community
Community action
A process by which the deprived define for themselves their needs, and
determine forms of action to meet them, usually outside the prevailing
political framework.
Community action planning
Microplanning workshop
Action planning
Community appraisal
Survey of the community by the community to identify needs and opportunities.
Usually based on a
self-completion questionnaire devised by the community and delivered
to every household.
Village
Appraisals Software for Windows
Community profiling
Community architect
Architect who practises community architecture. Will often live and
work in the neighbourhood he or she is designing for.
Community architecture
Community architecture
Architecture carried out with the active participation of the end users.
Similarly community design, community planning and so on.
Community art
Visual and performance art addressed to the needs of a local community.
Often related to environmental issues.
Art workshop
Community based regeneration
Programmes focused on people that usually involve some form of capacity building. Improves the ability of local people to influence decision-making within their own community.
Community-based organisation
(CBO)
Voluntary organisation operating at a local level to represent a local
community or interest group. Term increasingly used at international
level. Similar in meaning to community group.
Community group
Non-governmental organisation
Community build
Building construction carried out by members of the local community,
often voluntarily or as part of a training course.
Self-build
Community building
Building conceived, managed and sometimes built, by the local community
for community use. Phrase also used to describe the activity of building
a community; physically, socially and economically.
Community business
Trading organisation owned and controlled by the local community which
aims to create self-supporting and viable jobs for local people and
to use profits to create more employment, provide local services or
support local charitable work.
Community champion
Natural leader within a community who enjoys a great deal of respect from other residents. Has a strong concern for the community and other residents and is able to motivate others. ASC
Champion
Community cohesion
Where diverse backgrounds and cultures are valued in a community and where there is a common vision and sense of belonging.
Community Chest
Small grants available to community groups for projects to help them renew their own neighbourhoods.
Community consultation
Finding out what local people want.
Consultation
Community design
Design carried out with the active participation of the end users. Similarly
community architecture, community planning and so on.
Community design centre
Place providing free or subsidised architectural, planning and design
services to people who cannot afford to pay for them. Also known as
a community technical aid centre.
Community design centre
Community technical aid centre
Community design house
Local office used by a community designer or community architect. Term
used in Japan.
Community design centre
Community designer
Practitioner of community design. Person who designs places with people rather than for people.
Community development
Promotion of self-managed, non-profit-orientated projects to serve community
needs.
Community development
corporation
Non-profit-orientated company undertaking development for community
benefit. American concept similar to the UK’s development trust.
Development trust
Community development trust
Development trust
Community driven
Term used to reflect key role of the community in an initiative.
Community enterprise
Enterprise for the benefit of the community rather than private profit
by people within the community.
Community forest
Woodland area developed and managed by and for the communities living
in and around it. Programme established in England by the Countryside
Agency and Forestry Commission.
Countryside Agency
Community garden
Publicly accessible garden or small park created and managed by a voluntary
group.
Community group
Voluntary organisation operating at local level.
Community-based organisation
Community indicators
Measures devised and used by communities for understanding and drawing
attention to important issues and trends. Useful for building an agenda
for education and action.
Communities Count!
Community landscape
Landscape architecture or design carried out with the active participation
of the end users.
Community learning and education centre
Focal point for information and education at community level.
Community Led Plans
Plans founded on community involvement and led by voluntary groups.
Community mapping
Making maps as a communal activity.
Mapping
Community memory
Collective sense of local identity and experience (eg of past participatory activity).
Community monster
Community leader who abuses their position and becomes a tyrant.
Community newspaper
Information source controlled by the local community. Also community
newsletter; similar on a smaller scale.
Community plan
Plan for the future of a community devised by the local community. Sets
out proposals for the way in which a community wants to develop and
respond to changes in the future. No set format. Will usually contain
statements of principle, physical design proposals and targets.
Community
plan checklist
Community planning
Planning carried out with the active participation of the end users.
Similarly community architecture,
community design and so on.
Community planning council
Umbrella organisation at neighbourhood level with powers to deal with
planning matters. Concept developed and recommended by the UK’s
Royal Town Planning Institute in 1982. Councils would be made up of
representatives from various sectional voluntary interests.
Forum
Community planning day
Planning day
Community planning forum
Multipurpose session lasting several hours designed to secure information,
generate ideas and create interaction between interest groups.
Community planning forum
Community planning weekend
Planning weekend
Community politics
Style of political action through which people are enabled to control
their own destinies. Identified with an on-going political movement
which seeks to create a participatory democracy.
Community profiling
Way of reaching an understanding of the needs and resources of a community
with the active involvement of the community. Similar approach as participatory
appraisal.
Community profiling
Community project
Facility for the local community, created and managed by a voluntary
committee, elected or unelected, from that community.
Community projects fund
Feasibility fund
Community safety plan
Plan drawn up by the local community to reduce crime and disorder.
Community strategy
Strategy which sets out a framework for regeneration and service improvement in a local authority area.
Community technical aid
Multi-disciplinary expert assistance to community groups enabling them
to play an active role in the development of land and buildings. The
term ‘technical aid’ is used to cover the diverse range of
skills likely to be needed including architecture, planning, landscaping,
engineering, surveying, ecology, environmental education, financial
planning, management, administration and graphics.
Community technical aid centre
Place staffed by multidisciplinary group of experts who work for voluntary
groups, helping them to undertake any project involving the development
of buildings and land. Will provide whatever assistance is needed –
design, planning, organisation, decision-making, management – from
conception to completion. Similar to a community design centre.
Community design centre
Community trust
Independent fundraising and grant-making charity which funds initiatives
in the local community.
Community visioning
Thinking colleely about what the future could be. Term used to describe
group working processes which help a community to develop imaginative
shared visions for the future of a site, area or organisation. Approach
often adopted by local authorities as part of their Agenda 21 processes.
New Economics
Foundation
Future search conference
Community woodland
Community forest
Compact
Understanding between government (national or local) and the voluntary sector (in the guise of its representative bodies or through wider consultation) on how relations between the two should be conducted.
Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO)
Power allowing government (national or local) to acquire privately owned land or property to fulfil certain obligations.
Computer aided design
Way of visually simulating designs in three dimensions on computer.
Consensus building
Procedure for helping people with different views to come together interactively
on a dispute, project, plan or issue, to work towards agreeing a sensible
solution or way forward which is mutually satisfactory.
Consultation
Seeking people’s views (but not necessarily involving them in decision-making).
Consultation fatigue
Lack of public interest in consultation initiatives. Usually caused by an excess of consultations (due to lack of coordination by agencies) and/or a perceived lack of any results from past consultations.
Co-operative
An enterprise conducted for the mutual benefit of its members. This
might be a business that is democratic, each member having one vote
irrespective of capital or labour input. Any economic surplus belongs
to the members – after providing for reserves for the development
of the business.
Housing co-operative
Co-ownership
Tenure arrangement in which property is partly owned by the occupier,
the remaining portion being gradually purchased during the period of
occupation.
Core costs
Expenditure essential to keep an organisation going. As opposed to project
costs. Includes such things as staff wages, rent, heating.
Cost benefit analysis
Widely used technique used to decide whether to make changes to a project or programme based on the costs and benefits of different courses of action.
Countryside design summary
Simple description of the design relationship between the landscape,
settlement patterns and buildings. Usually produced by the planning
authority for a region, often combined with the production of local
design statements for neighbourhoods within the region.
Local design statement
Countryside Agency
Credit union
Financial co-operative owned and controlled by its members. Offers savings and loans at competitive rates, often to people unable to access mainstream banking services.
Critical friend
Someone who will point out what you are getting wrong, as well as right, in a constructive manner.
Critical mass event
Umbrella term for organisation development techniques involving large-scale
events often lasting several days and often involving hundreds of people.
Mostly used for organisational change but may also be appropriate for
community planning. Labels given to specific types of event – structured
in different ways and promoted by different people – include future
search conference, large-scale interactive process, conference model,
real-time strategic change, participative work redesign and open space
workshops.
Future search conference
Open space workshop
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Daily routine chart
Diagram showing people?s daily activities and time taken to accomplish
each of them. Usually produced by groups of women, men and children
separately. Useful to deepen the analysis on seasonal calendars and
highlight divisions of labour and responsibilities.
Community profiling
Seasonal calendar
Deadweight
Improvements that would have occurred naturally without the intervention of a regeneration programme.
Delegated power
Where decision-making is moved to another authority or body.
Deprivation
Condition in which individuals, groups or communities do not have adequate food, shelter, education or opportunities for improvement.
Design assistance team (DAT)
Multidisciplinary team which visits an area and produces recommendations
for action, usually after facilitating an action planning event. Similar
terms in use include Urban design assistance team (UDAT) and Housing
assistance team (HAT) (where only housing involved).
Design assistance team
Design charrette
Intensive design session, often including ?all-nighter?, originally
just for architecture students but more recently including the public
and professionals. Term originated at the Paris Ecole des Beaux-Arts
at the turn of the century. Projects were collected at designated times
on a cart (?charrette?) where students would be found putting finishing
touches to their schemes. Term now widely used in the USA to describe
any intensive, group brainstorming effort. Charrette often used without
the ?Design? in front. Similar to design workshop.
Design workshop
Design day
Day when architects and local people brainstorm for design solutions
to particular building problems, usually in teams. Term also used to
describe day when local residents can drop in and talk through design
ideas with professionals.
Building
Homes People Want
Drop-in office
Design fest
Action planning event where multidisciplinary design teams develop and
present their ideas in public.
Design fest
Design game
Method for devising building and landscape layouts with residents using
coloured cut-outs of possible design features on plans.
Design game
Design guide
Document setting out general urban design principles which should be
adopted by any development in an area.
Local design statement
Design meeting
Meeting for developing designs. Usually organised on a regular basis
during the design stage of a project. Users and professionals will be
present. The users, or clients, set the agenda but the meeting is normally
conducted by the professionals. Various techniques will be used to present
information and make decisions: showing slides, models, drawings, catalogues.
Normal arrangement is for participants to sit round a table.
Design simulation
Playing at designing to get people used to the various roles in the
design process.
Design surgery
Where architects, planners or other professionals work through design
issues with individuals, for instance occupants in a new housing scheme.
Design workshop
Hands-on session allowing groups to work creatively developing planning
and design options.
Design workshop
Design charrette
Designing for real
Term used to describe the use of adaptable models to develop detailed
design proposals for a building or site. Participants explore options
by moving parts of the model around: ie, parts of a building or whole
buildings. Similar concept to Planning for Real but on a smaller scale.
Planning for Real
Development officer
Individual who gets a project or organisation up and running.
Development partnership
Arrangement for collaboration by two or more parties to facilitate development,
usually between the public and private sectors.
Partnership
Development plan
Sets out policy and proposals for development and the use of land and buildings in an area. Usually prepared by local authorities.
Development planning for real
Adaptation of Planning for Real specially devised for developing countries.
Planning for Real
Development trust
Independent, not-for-profit organisation controlled by local people
which facilitates and undertakes physical development in an area. It
will have significant community involvement or control, will bring together
a wide range of skills and interests, and will aim to sustain its operations
at least in part by generating revenue.
Development trust
Community development corporation
Diagramming
Creating diagrams in groups.
<
Diagrams
Diagrams
Visual representations of information which help explain current issues
or future proposals.
Diagrams
Direct action
Exertion of political pressure by tactics other than voting at elections.
Usually used to refer to strikes, squatting or occupations.
Direct observation
Noting of events, objects, processes and relationships; particularly
useful for issues hard to verbalise.
Disabling
Non-participatory form of service which renders the user unable to have
a say in the process.
Disaster
Serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread
human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of
the affected society to cope using its own resources (UNDP 91).
Disaster management
All aspects of planning for, and responding to, disasters.
Disaster mitigation
Reducing the impact of disasters on society by reducing the hazards
and/or society?s vulnerability to them.
Mitigation
Disaster preparedness
The ability to predict, respond and cope with the effects of a disaster.
Disaster relief
Extraordinary measures necessary for coping with a disaster.
Discussion groups
Method of social research involving a group of people who are brought together to discuss their views or experiences surrounding a particular topic.
Discussion method
Structure for effective communication which allows everyone in a group
to participate.
Technology of participation
Displacement
Extent to which the added value of a regeneration project is reduced by causing existing activity to relocate or be replaced
Drop-in office
Working office open to the public. Set up by architects or urban designers
working in a neighbourhood to encourage local involvement in the design
process. May be permanent or temporary (on an open day for instance).
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Economic audit
Audit of local economy, usually undertaken by independent professional
economist.
Education Action Zone (EAZ)
Defined area with high levels of deprivation and low educational attainment that receives grants to raise education standards.
Elevation montage
Display technique for helping people to understand and make changes
to streetscapes.
Elevation montage
E-Government
Delivery of government services and information through electronic means such as the internet, digital television and other digital technologies.
Employment zone
Area where additional money is available to help the long-term unemployed into work.
Empowerment
Development of confidence and skills in individuals or communities leading
to their being able to take more control over their own destinies.
Capacity building
Enabler
Professional or other person with technical expertise or in a position
of authority who uses it to help people to do things for themselves.
The term can also be used to refer to organisations which behave likewise.
Enabling
Professional and other services that consciously encourage or allow
users to participate.
Enabler
Enquiry by design
Intensive action planning workshop process involving urban designers
and local stakeholders. Devised for developing plans for new urban villages.
Urban Villages
Forum
Enspirited envisioning
Way of developing individual and shared visions of the future through
personal and group development.
Participation
works!
Enterprise agency
Non-profit-making company whose prime objective is to respond through
practical action to the economic and training needs of its local community.
A principal activity is providing free advice and counselling to support
the setting up and development of viable small businesses. Mostly public
sector-led in partnership with the private sector but there are many
exceptions.
Enterprise trust
Enterprise agency
Enterprise zone
Area for industrial development within an older urban area where businesses can benefit from relief from paying business rates and from relaxed planning restrictions.
Environment forum
Non-statutory body for discussing and co-ordinating environmental issues
in an area.
Forum
Environment shop
Shop selling items and providing information which helps people improve
their environment. Similarly architecture shop, conservation shop etc.
Environment shop
Environment week
Week of activities designed to promote interest in, and debate on, the
environment.
Activity week
Environmental capital
Inclusive, participatory process for evaluating what environmental features
and attitudes matter to local interest groups and why.
Countryside
Agency
Environmental education
Programmes aimed at making people more aware of their environment and
the forces which shape it.
Environmental impact assessment
Process whereby all impacts of a development are identified and their
significance assessed. Increasingly a statutory requirement before planning
permission is granted by a local authority.
Envisioning
Visioning
Equity sharing
Co-ownership
Estate Management Board (EMB)
Partnership between tenants and their landlord which gives tenants more control over the day-to-day running of their housing.
Exhibition
Displays of information. May be simply for presenting information or
for getting feedback too.
Interactive exhibition
Exit strategy
Arrangement for continuing the process of renewal and development after funding from a programme stops. Sometimes called a forward, continuation or succession strategy.
Extended school
School which opens up its facilities to the wider community outside of traditional school hours; for example sport facilities, ICT suites and after-school clubs. Aim to integrate the school and the community and provide public services not otherwise accessible to the general population. See also Full service schools.
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Facilitation
Bringing people together to decide what they wish to do, and to work
together to decide how to do it.
Facilitator
Person who steers a process, meeting or workshop. Less dominant role
than a ?chairperson?. Also known as a moderator.
Farmers market
Market exclusively for local food producers and countryside products.
Feasibility fund
Revolving fund providing grants to community groups for paying professional
fees for the preparation of feasibility studies for community projects.
Also known as a community projects fund.
Feasibility fund
Feasibility study
Examination of the viability of an idea, usually resulting in a report.
Example
Fence method
Prioritising procedure using a line with a fence in the middle to establish
people?s views on conflicting alternatives.
Example
Festival market
Market for bric-a-brac and crafts.
Field workshop
Workshop programme on location. Term used to describe events lasting
several days involving a range of community profiling, risk assessment
and plan-making activities.
Field workshop
Financial exclusion
Where people do not have access to mainstream financial services (including high street banks), usually due to living in a poor area, being reliant on benefits, or having a low income.
Fish bowl
Workshop technique where participants sit around, and observe, a planning
team working on a problem without taking part themselves.
Community
Participation in Practice
Five Ws plus H
What, When, Why, Who, Where and How. Useful checklist in planning any
activity.
Flipchart
Large pad of paper on an easel. Standard equipment for participatory
workshops as it allows notetaking to be visible.
Flipcharter
Person who records points made at a workshop or plenary session on a
flipchart or large sheet of paper pinned on a wall in full view of the
participants.
Flipchart
Floor target
Minimum outcome required, usually of service providers by government.
Fly-posting
Pasting up posters in public places, usually without permission from
building owners or authorities.
Focus group
Small group of people who work through an issue in workshop sessions.
Membership may be carefully selected or entirely random.
Forum
Non-statutory body for discussing and coordinating activity and acting
as a pressure group for change.
Environment forum
Neighbourhood forum
Term also used to describe a one-off open meeting aiming to create interaction.
Community planning forum
Public forum
Foyer
Residential centre that provides homes, training and work opportunities for homeless young people.
<
Full-scale simulation
Acting out a scenario to test a design idea using full-scale mock-ups.
Particularly useful for helping people design new building forms.
Design simulation
Mock-up
Full service school
One-stop centre for children, their families and the wider community where schools house a variety of public services such as healthcare, careers services, employment training, housing services and family welfare. See also Extended school.
Future search conference
Highly structured two and a half day process allowing a community or
organisation to create a shared vision for its future. Ideally 64 people
take part; eight tables of eight.
Future search conference<
Futures workshop
Term used for a workshop devised to discuss options for the future.
Various formats are possible.
Briefing workshop
Design workshop
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Gallery walk
Report back process where workshop flipchart sheets are pinned up at
a plenary session and the reporter 'walks' past he sheets, using them
as a prompt to summarise what took place.
Gaming
The use of games to simulate real situations.
Gaming
Role play
Simulation
Gap funding
Government incentive to encourage developers to build on unprofitable brownfield sites.
Giving evidence
Formal presentation of information, for instance to a public inquiry
or local authority committee.
Governance
Ways in which political, economic, social and cultural life is co-ordinated at global, national, regional and local levels.
Green belt
Area restricted from building use and allowed to remain in a natural state or retained for agricultural use to contain development, preserve the character of the countryside and provide open space.
Greenfield development
Development on land that has never previously been developed.
Group interview
Pre-arranged discussion with an invited group to analyse topics or issues
against a checklist of points or local
concerns.
Interview
Group modelling
Use of physical models as a basis for working in groups to learn, explore
and make decisions about the environment.
Models
Guided visualisation
Group process using mental visualisation techniques for establishing
a community?s aspirations.
Participation Works! |
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Habitat
The social and economic, as well as physical, shelter essential for
well-being.
Hands-on exhibition.
Interactive exhibition
Hazard
Phenomenon that poses a threat to people, structures or economic assets
and which may cause a disaster. It could be either human-made or naturally
occurring.
Hazard analysis
Identification of types of hazard faced by a community, their intensity,
frequency and location.
Headline indicators
Main set of data that describes the factors to be changed.
Healthcheck
Tool based on worksheets and community consultation to help identify the strengths and weaknesses of a town as a basis for producing plans of action. Designed by The Countryside Agency (now English Nature). See Pub: Planning for Vital Communities.
Healthy Cities
Programme led by the World Health Organisation to put health on the agenda of decision-makers in cities and to build strong support for public health at the local level.
Heritage centre
Place aimed at helping people understand, and engage in, the historic
local built environment. Key elements: old photos, old artefacts, leaflets,
books, information sheets, maps, postcards, models, trails.
Architecture centre
Local heritage initiative
Historic buildings trust
Charitable organisation set up to preserve historic buildings.
Historical profile
Key events and trends in a community?s development, usually displayed
visually.
Community profiling
Historical profiling
Construction of historical profile in groups. Information about past
events is gathered to explain the present and predict possible future
scenarios. One approach involves people describing and
explaining their life history with respect to particular issues.
Information is marked up on maps or charts to build a comprehensive
time-line of events and issues that mould and affect a community.
Homeowners file
File of book-keeping schedules designed to help families to control
the construction and management of their homes.
Homesteading
Programme in which property owners (usually local authorities) offer
substandard property for sale at low cost to householders who will work
on them in their own time, doing basic repairs and renovation to standards
monitored by the original owners.
Home zone
Area where roads are shared by vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians to promote quality of life, community spirit and safer play and recreation.
House manual
Record of useful information and tips from previous occupants on how to manage and look after a house.
Housing association
Association run by an elected management committee which uses government
money to provide housing in areas and for people which the government
believes to be a high priority. Building society money is also increasingly
used to fund housing associations.
Housing co-operative
Organisation which owns or manages housing and which is owned and managed
by the occupants of that housing. Often referred to as a housing co-op.
Co-operative
Secondary co-operative
Human capital
Ability of individuals to do productive work; includes physical and
mental health, strength, stamina, knowledge, skills, motivation and
a constructive and co-operative attitude.
Social capital |
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Icebreaker
Group activity aimed at making people feel comfortable with each other.
Often held at the start of action planning events.
Ideas competition
Competition for generating options for improving a neighbourhood, building
or site aimed at stimulating creative thinking and generating interest.
Ideas competition
Illustrated questionnaire
Questionnaire with pictures to find out people?s design preferences.
Choice catalogue
> Questionnaire survey
Imagine
Method for establishing positive initiatives based on a structured approach
to imagining the future.
Participation
Works!
Imaging day
Day when people visualise the future with the assistance of a skilled
artist.
Immediate report writing
Writing reports in the field or at an event rather doing it later in
the office.
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
Ranking of wards and districts according to factors such as health, education and employment. Used as the basis for government allocation of funds for neighbourhood renewal and tackling deprivation.
Informal walk
Walking in a group without a definite route, stopping to chat and discuss
issues as they arise.
Community profiling
Interactive display
Visual display which allows people to participate by making additions
or alterations. Also known as a hands-on display.
Interactive display
Interactive exhibition
Exhibition which allows people to participate by making additions or
alterations. Also known as a hands-on exhibition.
Interactive display
Open house event
Interview
Recorded conversation, usually with prepared questions, with individuals
or groups. Useful for information gathering. More flexible and interactive
than a questionnaire.
Group interview
Key informant interview
Semi-structured interview
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Jigsaw
display
Exhibit where groups prepare different parts which are then assembled
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Key informant
Person with special knowledge.
Key informant interview
Informal discussion based on a pre-determined set of questions with
people who have special knowledge.
Interview
KISS
Stands for ?Keep It Simple, Stupid?. Useful reminder in a complex field. |
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Ladder of participation
Useful and popular analogy for likening the degree of citizen participation
in any activity to a series of rungs on a ladder. First put forward
in 1969 (by Sherry Arnstein) with 8 rungs:
1. Citizen control.
2. Delegated power.
3. Partnership.
4. Placation.
5. Consultation.
6. Informing.
7. Therapy.
8. Manipulation.
This has been modified in many different ways by many people since.
Participation Matrix
The
Guide to Effective Participation
Landscape character assessment
Process for describing an area?s sense of place, features and attributes.
Useful foundation for making planning and land management decisions
for an area.
Local character workshop
Countryside
Agency
Large group interventions
Critical mass event
Launch
Event to promote the start of an initiative or project. Useful for generating
interest and involvement.
Leaflet
Sheet of paper providing information, usually produced in large quantities.
Standard publicity technique.
Leakage
Extent to which a proposed activity benefits people outside the target area or group that it was intended for.
Leverage
Additional money or activity that an investment in a programme leads to.
Lifetime Homes
Housebuilding approach that enables inhabitants to remain in the same home throughout all stages of their life. Developed by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Linkage diagram
Shows flows, connections and causality.
Diagrams
Livability
Somewhat loose measure of the quality of life where needs that are justifiable
according to natural justice are met.
Living over the shop scheme
Programme to encourage people to occupy vacant premises over shops,
usually by offering grant aid. Town centre regeneration method.
Lobbying
Influencing decision-makers through individual and group face-to-face
persuasion or letter writing.
Local
Pertaining to a particular rural or urban place or area.
Local Area Agreement (LAA)
Agreement between local and national government that gives local authorities more flexibility in the way in which they set and meet targets and deliver public services.
Local authority
Organisation governing local area. For instance; borough council, county
council, town council, village council.
Local character workshop
Workshop designed to help people identify what makes an area special.
Usually undertaken as part of preparing a local design statement or
landscape character assessment. Involves mapping and photo surveys.
>
Landscape character assessment
Local design statement
Local design statement
Published statement produced by a community identifying the distinctive
character of the place. The aim is for it to be used by planning authorities
to ensure that future development and change is sympathetic and has
community support.
Local design statement
Local environmental resource centre
Resource centre focusing on local environmental issues.
Resource centre
Local heritage initiative
Process for helping people record and care for their local landscape,
landmarks and traditions.
Countryside
Agency
Local people
People who live in a particular rural or urban place or area.
Local public sector board
Allows all public sector organisations (e.g. councils, police, health, fire) in a locality to meet and work together on an agreed services improvement plan.
Local regeneration agency
Organisation set up to undertake regeneration work in an area.
Local resource centre
Place providing information and support for people at a community level.
Resource centre
Local Strategic Partnership (LSP)
Partnership between different parts of the public sector with private business and the voluntary and community sector in order to deliver services more effectively. Designed to rationalise and simplify other local partnership arrangements and work with neighbourhood-based partnerships. Expected to prepare and implement the Community Strategy and develop targets for Public Service Agreements.
Community strategy
Local support team
Locally-based team providing expertise for an activity or event.
Local sustainability model
Process allowing a community to assess its present position and test
the likely effect of projects.
Participation
Works!
Logical framework analysis
Method for thoroughly testing the effectiveness of any project proposal.
Assesses objectives, purposes, inputs, assumptions, outputs, effects
and inputs. Much used by international funding agencies.
Low-cost housing
Housing affordable by people on low incomes. |
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Mainstreaming
Realigning the allocation of main public sector resources, such as the police and health services, to target the most deprived areas and sustain regeneration activity piloted through short-term funding.
Maintenance manual
Instructions on how to maintain a building or open space. Important
for helping users to keep places in good order.
Managed workspace
Communally managed building for individual, and independent, enterprises
sharing common support facilities and services. Sometimes known as a
working community.
Management committee
Governing body of a project or organisation. Similar to board of directors
in a company.
Mapping
Physical plotting of various characteristics of an area in two dimensions.
May be done individually or communally.
Activity mapping
Community mapping
Mental mapping>
<
Mind map
Parish mapping
Mapping
Market
Place for buying and selling goods and services. An important regeneration
tool. Types of market include: street market, covered market, farmers
market, festival market.
Market town
Small town, generally with a population of up to 10,000 people, which supports an economy and community containing both the settlement and a defined rural hinterland.
Market town action plan
Document which sets out and justifies the various projects and initiatives decided upon. Will normally include: summary of the town’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; vision which responds to those elements; statement of strategic objectives; listing of specific projects with funding and phasing details.
Masterplan
Overall planning framework for the future of a settlement. May be highly
detailed or schematic. Used to provide a vision and structure to guide
development.
Matrix
Diagram in the form of a grid allowing comparison of two variables.
Used for assessing options.
Diagrams
Mediation
Voluntary process of helping people resolve their differences with the
assistance of a neutral person.
Meeting
Event where people come together to discuss and decide. May be formal
or informal, public or private.
Mental mapping
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